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The Journal of Biological Chemistry Nov 2019During mammalian palatogenesis, cranial neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells undergo osteogenic differentiation and form the hard palate, which is divided into...
During mammalian palatogenesis, cranial neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells undergo osteogenic differentiation and form the hard palate, which is divided into palatine process of the maxilla and the palatine. However, it remains unknown whether these bony structures originate from the same cell lineage and how the hard palate is patterned at the molecular level. Using mice, here we report that deficiency in (), a transcriptional regulator whose expression is restricted to the anterior palatal mesenchyme, leads to a defective palatine process of the maxilla but does not affect the palatine. overexpression in palatal mesenchyme resulted in a hyperplastic palatine process of the maxilla and a hypoplastic palatine. RNA sequencing and assay for transposase-accessible chromatin-sequencing analyses revealed that Shox2 controls the expression of pattern specification and skeletogenic genes associated with accessible chromatin in the anterior palate. This highlighted a lineage-autonomous function of Shox2 in patterning and osteogenesis of the hard palate. H3K27ac ChIP-Seq and transient transgenic enhancer assays revealed that Shox2 binds distal-acting -regulatory elements in an anterior palate-specific manner. Our results suggest that the palatine process of the maxilla and palatine arise from different cell lineages and differ in ossification mechanisms. Shox2 evidently controls osteogenesis of a cell lineage and contributes to the palatine process of the maxilla by interacting with distal -regulatory elements to regulate skeletogenic gene expression and to pattern the hard palate. Genome-wide Shox2 occupancy in the developing palate may provide a marker for identifying active anterior palate-specific gene enhancers.
Topics: Animals; Body Patterning; Cell Differentiation; Cell Lineage; Female; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Homeodomain Proteins; Humans; Maxilla; Mice, Knockout; Mice, Transgenic; Osteogenesis; Palate, Hard; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 31649032
DOI: 10.1074/jbc.RA119.008801 -
European Review For Medical and... Sep 2022The hard palate participates in the construction of the oral and nasal cavities and represents the bony barrier between them. Morphological differences of the hard...
OBJECTIVE
The hard palate participates in the construction of the oral and nasal cavities and represents the bony barrier between them. Morphological differences of the hard palate are important for forensic medicine, anthropology, anatomy, as well as scientific branches dealing with the study of evolutionary development, populations differences. The aim of this study was to determine sexual dimorphism of hard palate on three-dimensional (3D) models of human skulls using geometric morphometry.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The research was conducted on 3D models of 209 human skulls from Bosnian population (139 male, 70 female). On the obtained 3D models, we marked landmarks on the palate using Landmark editor program. Using MorphoJ program we analyzed sex differences of shape and size on hard palate.
RESULTS
The principal component analysis showed that the first two components (PC1 and PC2) described 55.503% of the total morphological variability of the hard palate. The results of the discriminant analysis showed predictive power for male with 66.91% accuracy and for female with 58.57% accuracy based on the shape and size of the hard palate. The influence of size of the hard palate on its shape was statistically significant (p<0.0001). The results of discriminant analysis based on shape of hard palate showed predictive power for male with 68.34% accuracy and for female with 64.29% accuracy.
CONCLUSIONS
Sex differences of hard palate are statistically significant and can be used for sex determination in skeletal remains. The percentage of accuracy for determining sex based on the hard palate was higher for men in this study.
Topics: Discriminant Analysis; Female; Humans; Male; Palate, Hard; Principal Component Analysis; Sex Characteristics; Skull
PubMed: 36111905
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202209_29621 -
BMC Oral Health Jul 2021As the hard palate is a central structure of the skull, and its close relationship with the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and maxillary sinuses, it would be of interest to...
BACKGROUND
As the hard palate is a central structure of the skull, and its close relationship with the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and maxillary sinuses, it would be of interest to study if there is a relationship between this bone and other structures of the stomatognathic system. Thus, this study aimed to assess the dimensions of the hard palate and associate them with sex, and skeletal and breathing patterns. Also, to investigate if there is a relationship between these dimensions and the volumes of the upper airways and maxillary sinuses.
METHODS
Two hundred and ninety-eight CBCT scans of patients were classified according to sex, and skeletal and breathing patterns. Then, the linear dimensions of width and height of the hard palate at the regions of the first premolars and first molars, and the volumes of the upper airways and maxillary sinuses were measured using the CS 3D Imaging and ITK-SNAP software, respectively. Data were submitted to multi-way analysis of variance and linear regression, with a significance level of 5% (α = 0.05).
RESULTS
Sex and facial type influenced the hard palate dimensions (p < 0.05). Males had greater width and height of the hard palate than females (p < 0.0001). It was observed greater width for brachycephalics at the first premolars region (p = 0.0032), and greater height for dolichocephalics at the first premolars (p = 0.0154) and first molars (p = 0.0038) regions. Skeletal malocclusion and breathing pattern did not influence the measurements of the hard palate (p > 0.05). There was a significant relationship between the width and height of the hard palate at the premolar's region and the total volume of the upper airways (p = 0.018, and p = 0.038), and between both dimensions of the hard palate at the molar's region and the total volume of the maxillary sinuses (p < 0.0001).
CONCLUSIONS
The hard palate dimensions are influenced by sex and facial type, but not by skeletal malocclusion or breathing pattern. Also, there is an association between these dimensions and the volumes of the upper airways and maxillary sinuses.
Topics: Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Female; Humans; Male; Maxillary Sinus; Palate, Hard; Skull; Spiral Cone-Beam Computed Tomography
PubMed: 34284755
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01724-8 -
Acta Biomaterialia Jun 2019Oral cavity wound healing occurs in an environment that sustains ongoing physical trauma and is rich in bacteria. Despite this, injuries to the mucosal surface often...
Oral cavity wound healing occurs in an environment that sustains ongoing physical trauma and is rich in bacteria. Despite this, injuries to the mucosal surface often heal faster than cutaneous wounds and leave less noticeable scars. Patients undergoing cleft palate repair have a high degree of wound healing complications with up to 60% experiencing oronasal fistula (ONF) formation. In this study, we developed a mouse model of hard palate mucosal injury, to study the endogenous injury response during oral cavity wound healing and ONF formation. Immunophenotyping of the inflammatory infiltrate following hard palate injury showed delayed recruitment of non-classical LY6C monocytes and failure to resolve inflammation. To induce a pro-regenerative inflammatory response, delivery of FTY720 nanofiber scaffolds following hard palate mucosal injury promoted complete ONF healing and was associated with increased LY6C monocytes and pro-regenerative M2 macrophages. Alteration in gene expression with FTY720 delivery included increased Sox2 expression, reduction in pro-inflammatory IL-1, IL-4 and IL-6 and increased pro-regenerative IL-10 expression. Increased keratinocyte proliferation during ONF healing was observed at day 5 following FTY720 delivery. Our results show that local delivery of FTY720 from nanofiber scaffolds in the oral cavity enhances healing of ONF, occurring through multiple immunomodulatory mechanisms. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Wound healing complications occur in up to 60% of patients undergoing cleft palate repair where an oronasal fistula (ONF) develops, allowing food and air to escape from the nose. Using a mouse model of palate mucosal injury, we explored the role of immune cell infiltration during ONF formation. Delivery of FTY720, an immunomodulatory drug, using a nanofiber scaffold into the ONF was able to attract anti-inflammatory immune cells following injury that enhanced the reepithelization process. ONF healing at day 5 following FTY720 delivery was associated with altered inflammatory and epithelial transcriptional gene expression, increased anti-inflammatory immune cell infiltration, and increased proliferation. These findings demonstrate the potential efficacy of immunoregenerative therapies to improve oral cavity wound healing.
Topics: Animals; Cytokines; Fingolimod Hydrochloride; Gene Expression Regulation; Immunomodulation; Macrophages; Mice; Nanofibers; Palate, Hard; SOXB1 Transcription Factors; Wound Healing
PubMed: 31029828
DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.04.052 -
The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery May 2012Although Muenke syndrome is the most common syndromic form of craniosynostosis, the frequency of oral and palatal anomalies including high-arched palate, cleft lip with... (Review)
Review
Although Muenke syndrome is the most common syndromic form of craniosynostosis, the frequency of oral and palatal anomalies including high-arched palate, cleft lip with or without cleft palate has not been documented in a patient series of Muenke syndrome to date. Further, to our knowledge, cleft lip and palate has not been reported yet in a patient with Muenke syndrome (a previous patient with isolated cleft palate has been reported). This study sought to evaluate the frequency of palatal anomalies in patients with Muenke syndrome through both a retrospective investigation and literature review. A total of 21 patients who met criteria for this study were included in the retrospective review. Fifteen patients (71%) had a structural anomaly of the palate. Cleft lip and palate was present in 1 patient (5%). Other palatal findings included high-arched hard palate in 14 patients (67%). Individuals with Muenke syndrome have the lowest incidence of cleft palate among the most common craniosynostosis syndromes. However, high-arched palate in Muenke syndrome is common and may warrant clinical attention, as these individuals are more susceptible to recurrent chronic otitis media with effusion, dental malocclusion, and hearing loss.
Topics: Cleft Lip; Cleft Palate; Craniosynostoses; Female; Hearing Loss; Humans; Incidence; Male; Malocclusion; Otitis Media with Effusion; Palate, Hard; Retrospective Studies; United States
PubMed: 22565872
DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0b013e31824db8bb -
Malaysian Family Physician : the... 2017A common bony protrusion that occurs over the hard palate is sometimes mistaken for a malignancy especially when it is large. This bony growth is a torus palatinus (TP),...
A common bony protrusion that occurs over the hard palate is sometimes mistaken for a malignancy especially when it is large. This bony growth is a torus palatinus (TP), which is a benign bony prominence over the hard palate. It occurs most commonly in bilateral multiple form, and is often located at the canine to premolar area. A basic knowledge of the assessment and management of TP is important, particularly for the first-line family physician to ensure that the correct information is given to the patient.
PubMed: 28503274
DOI: No ID Found -
Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi = Huaxi... Mar 2022This study aimed to compare the inhibition of anterior and posterior scars of the hard palate on maxillary growth after cleft palate surgery.
Comparative study on the influence of anterior and posterior scars of hard palate on maxillary growth after cleft palate surgery: a three-dimensional finite element analysis.
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to compare the inhibition of anterior and posterior scars of the hard palate on maxillary growth after cleft palate surgery.
METHODS
Ansys was used to establish two 3D finite element models of maxilla with complete and incomplete cleft palate. The palatal scar force with same magnitude and direction but different areas was applied in four groups in the two models. The loading force was applied to 1/4 of the anterior oral surface of the hard palate (group 1), 1/4 of the middle and anterior oral surface of the hard palate (group 2), 1/4 of the middle and posterior oral surface of the hard palate (group 3), and 1/4 of the posterior oral surface of the hard palate (group 4). The displacement of each group after loading was analyzed and compared.
RESULTS
In the two models, maxillary deformation occurred in all groups. The total displacement and 3D displacement comparison of each group was arranged as follows: group 1>group 2>group 3>group 4.
CONCLUSIONS
Scars from different parts of the hard palate after cleft palate surgery can inhibit maxillary growth in a 3D direction. The anterior scars have more serious inhibition than the posterior scars.
PubMed: 38597055
DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2022.02.013 -
Folia Morphologica 2019Analysis of the bones and bone fragments of the cranium may be a useful tool for sex diagnosis in the identification of human remains which have been exposed to adverse...
BACKGROUND
Analysis of the bones and bone fragments of the cranium may be a useful tool for sex diagnosis in the identification of human remains which have been exposed to adverse conditions. The object of the present study was to evaluate sex prediction through metric and non-metric analysis of the hard palate (HP) and the pyriform aperture (PA), using macerated skulls of adult individuals.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We analysed 312 dry skulls of adult individuals of both sexes, studying the metric and non-metric characteristics of the HP and PA. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values were evaluated. A binary logistic regression and a linear regression were performed. The receiver operating characteristic curve was constructed to analyse the perfor- mance of sex diagnosis. Measurements of the HP and the PA were analysed by ANOVA and Tukey's test. The SPSS v. 20.0 software was used, with a significance threshold of 5%.
RESULTS
The shape of the PA presented 61.9% accuracy, 54.4% sensitivity and 65.7% specificity. The shape of the HP presented 51.5% accuracy, 65.6% sen- sitivity and 44.7% specificity. Only the height of the PA functioned as a good predictor of sex.
CONCLUSIONS
The height of the PA produced good diagnostic performance (area under curve = 0.764). The height of the PA was the most reliable indicator for sex prediction, and could be used by forensic scientists to identify sex.
Topics: Female; Forensic Anthropology; Humans; Male; Models, Biological; Palate, Hard; ROC Curve; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sex Characteristics; Skull
PubMed: 30484270
DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2018.0109 -
Sleep Science (Sao Paulo, Brazil) 2022This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effcacy of custom-made mandibular advancement devices (MAD) in the control of primary snoring and sleep apnea and to...
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effcacy of custom-made mandibular advancement devices (MAD) in the control of primary snoring and sleep apnea and to correlate with anatomical changes identified through imaging tests.
METHODS
Patients (n = 17) diagnosed with sleep apnea or primary snoring were included in this study and subsequently treated with MADs. Changes were assessed using a polysomnographic study (PSG), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and an imaging study with computed tomography scanning (CT). Studies were performed before and after the use of MAD. Anteroposterior measurements were taken in the sagittal plane at the hard palate, glottis, and supraglottic levels along the hard palate axis. Afterward, measurements were taken in the axial plane at the same levels along the hard palate axis.
RESULTS
From the six recorded measurements, the airway caliber increased by five. However, these changes were significant only in two measurements (sagittal hard palate and axial supraglottic). Snoring was controlled in 16 of the 17 subjects. From these sixteen, 12 subjects had a correct opening of the airway at the hard palate level. Moreover, daytime sleepiness decreased in all subjects.
DISCUSSION
Present results suggest that sagittal hard palate and axial supraglottic opening after use of MAD are mainly responsible for eliminating snoring and improve sleep apnea.
PubMed: 35662972
DOI: 10.5935/1984-0063.20210034 -
The Bulletin of Tokyo Dental College Mar 2020An extremely rare case of fibrolipoma in the hard palate is presented and discussed with reference to the literature. An 85-year-old woman visited the Tokyo Dental...
An extremely rare case of fibrolipoma in the hard palate is presented and discussed with reference to the literature. An 85-year-old woman visited the Tokyo Dental College Chiba hospital in September 2016 with the chief complaint of a mass in the hard palate. The patient had first become aware of this mass several years earlier. An examination at another hospital in June 2009 resulted in a clinical diagnosis of lipoma. Regular examinations followed every 6 months until September 2014, at which time she stopped attending these appointments because there was no change. In August 2016, however, the patient realized that the tumor was increasing in size. Although there was no pain, awareness of a foreign body in the oral cavity when eating or talking was increasing, so she decided to visit our clinic for detailed examination and treatment. At this point, the mass extended from the center to the left side of the hard palate. It measured 15 mm along the major axis, and had a clear border; nearly spherical, its surface was smooth and glossy, and was of a slightly yellowish color. The mass was painless, elastic, and soft. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a tumorous lesion. Based on a clinical diagnosis of lipoma, it was subsequently excised under general anesthesia in January 2017. The tumor lay under the palatal mucosa, extending from the center to the left side of the hard palate. It was surrounded by a single-layered membranous structure, and had not adhered to the surrounding tissues. Healthy palatal mucosa and periosteum were also removed en bloc with the tumor within a safety margin of approximately 5 mm. No pressure absorption of palatine bone was seen. Histopathologically, proliferation of mature adipose tissue was observed. This was surrounded by a thin, single-layer membrane within the subepithelial connective tissue, which was covered by stratified squamous epithelium. Proliferation of fibrotic connective tissue was seen between the adipocytes. The final diagnosis was fibrolipoma. To date, at 18 months postoperatively, no recurrence has been observed and progress has been satisfactory.
Topics: Aged, 80 and over; Female; Humans; Lipoma; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Palate, Hard; Tokyo; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 32074588
DOI: 10.2209/tdcpublication.2019-0010